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Uses of critical minerals

Renewable energy and advanced technology are changing the way we explore for, produce, use, and recycle critical minerals. The demand for critical minerals—which are used for clean energy technology applications, like high-powered magnets and batteries—is expected to grow exponentially over the coming decades.

The table below provides a snapshot of the variety of ways these minerals can be used in both renewable and advanced technologies.

What are rare earth elements?

These are a distinct group on the periodic table that include Cerium, Dysprosium, Erbium, Europium, Gadolinium, Holmium, Lanthanum, Lutetium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Promethium, Samarium, Scandium, Terbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Yttrium.

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CommodityUses

Aluminium (Bauxite)

  • Solar and wind technology
  • Food packaging
  • Aircraft
  • Electric vehicles and battery storage

Cadmium

  • Solar cells
  • Rechargeable batteries
  • Pigments

Cobalt

  • Key component of lithium ion batteries used in electric vehicles and battery storage
  • Wind technology
  • Ceramics

Copper

  • Solar and wind technology
  • Electric vehicles and battery storage
  • Electricity grids
  • Music instruments

Graphite

  • Key component of lithium ion batteries used in electric vehicles and battery storage
  • Pencils

Indium

  • Electric technology
  • Touch screens/flat screen TVs
  • Solar panels
  • Windshields of aircraft and cars

Manganese

  • Bridges
  • Railway tracks
  • Electric cars
  • Wind technology

Molybdenum

  • Armour
  • Buildings
  • Petrol refining

Niobium

  • Battery storage
  • Jet engines
  • Superconducting magnets

Nickel

  • Steel
  • Food processing
  • Electronics
  • Electric vehicles and battery storage
  • Solar technology

Rare earth elements

  • Medical imaging
  • Electronic and computing equipment
  • Rechargeable batteries
  • Wind turbine blades
  • Electric vehicles

Rhenium

  • Oven filaments
  • X-ray machines
  • Solar technology

Selenium

  • Solar technology
  • Glassmaking
  • Pigments

Silica (Lump silica, silica sand)

  • Solar technology
  • Wind technology
  • Glass

Silver

  • Solar panels
  • Medicine
  • Water purification

Tantalum

  • Aircraft
  • Capacitor
  • Nuclear energy

Tellurium

  • Solar technology
  • Ceramics
  • Electronics

Tungsten

  • Solar technology
  • Wind turbine blades
  • Drill bits
  • Filaments (light bulbs)

Tin

  • Food product cans
  • Paints
  • Disinfectants
  • Chemicals
  • Solar technology

Titanium

  • Electric vehicles and battery storage
  • Wind technology
  • Fireworks

Vanadium

  • Solar grid batteries
  • Jet engines
  • Car suspension
  • Building frames

Zinc

  • Vehicles
  • Farm machinery
  • Water pipes
  • Wind technology

Zirconium

  • Steel alloys
  • Lamp filaments
  • Surgical instruments
  • Solar technology

Last reviewed: 26 March 2023